Purpose of research. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems that generate electrical energy by exploiting the extracellular electron transport (EET) capabilities of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) (Logan 2009). This investigation aims to identify genes involved in driving bacterial EET with a new procedure that enables rapid screening of a side array of genes. These insights may lead to improved MFC performance through enhancing reactor design or genetic engineering EABs (Alfonta 2009). Procedures. MFC metagenomic analysis. Twelve MFCs incubated with four different bacterial samples were operated for approximately one year. The bacterial DNA from before and after incubation was extracted and the 16S rRNA regions were PCR amplified and sequenced. The bacterial community changes were analyzed using the QIIME program to identify bacteria that were being selected. Fosmid Clone Isolation. An E. coli fosmid library (Mewis et al. 2013) that contained genes from EAB inferred in the previous step was incubated in three MFCs. After a 48 hour enrichment period, biofilm samples from the MFCs were extracted and individual clones were isolated and screened in the MFCs individually. An E. coli DH5α strain with no insert DNA was incubated separately as the control. DNA sequencing. Fosmid insert DNA from high-performing clones were extracted, purified using gel electrophoresis, constructed into sequencing libraries and sequenced. Bioinformatics Analysis. The sequences were constructed into larger contigs using the Velvet algorithm package. The open reading frames (ORFs) were inferred and translated into amino acid sequences and annotated with proteins identified from the KEGG, and SEEDs databases using Metapathways 2.5. Results. The changes in bacterial communities from the metagenomic analysis revealed increases in relative abundance in numerous genera from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The MFCs incubated with the fosmid clones generated about 4 times more peak power than the MFCs incubated with the E. coli DH5α. Polarization curves generated for the MFCs demonstrated that the fosmid clones were able to sustain a higher current. Incubation of pure cultures of individual clones yielded four clones with significant performance improvements over the control strain. Protein data from Metapathways outputs reveled both novel and previously reported EET genes encoding for Type IV pilus structures, c-type cytochromes, soluble cytochromes, flavoproteins, and porins. Taxonomy inferences of the gene inserts by the Green Genes database reveal the genes most likely came from the same EABs that were inferred from the metagenomic analysis. Conclusions. The increased performance of the fosmid clone-powered MFCs suggest that the clones carried genes that enhanced their performance in the MFCs. This is further confirmed by polarization curves generated for the MFCs. The results of the taxonomy inferences suggest that the bacteria being selected for in the environmental samples carried genes that enhanced their performance in the MFCs, and that these genes were successfully identified in the subsequent steps. The results of this study demonstrate that using a gain of function approach to rapidly screen a wide array of genes in a gene library may be an efficient method to identify genes that enhance power generation of EABs in MFCs.

爸爸買了 NOKIA 新手機，裡面還有遊戲真好玩。可是有一個遊戲好難，於是到學校請教老師。老師說這個題目很不錯，讓我們找幾位同學一起研究，同學聽了也很有興趣，老師就指導我們做研究。

本實驗主要是探討磁色效應，光通過狹縫會產生繞涉現象產生繞涉圖形，為了要了解繞涉現象，要先瞭解光柵的結構。要探討光柵，就要先探討探討磁流體的結構結構，磁流體乃是將一般磁性物質製成小粒子，再使其懸浮於非磁性液體中，根據統計力學，只要粒子夠小，就可經由布朗運動均勻散佈在溶液中。而散佈在溶液中的磁性粒子會因為磁力及凡得瓦力而聚集，所以一般都會在小粒子周圍覆蓋一層介面活性劑，防止發生『沈澱』的聚集現象。磁流體具有磁性特徵及流體特徵，磁性特徵是磁流體的居禮溫度和一般鐵磁固體相當，而且在外加磁場時磁性顆粒會連接成磁柱，而流體特徵則表現在其具有各式各樣的、流動性、黏滯性、揮發性、飽和性及導熱性。我分別將磁流體薄膜在加入不同磁增率的磁場、不同大小的電場、混入液晶等的狀態下，做各種的光柵樣本。接著再打入平行光，觀察繞涉圖形，其中加入磁場的，磁性顆粒會連接成磁柱，縱切面會形成點狀的六角行有序結構，非常適合做光柵，繞涉圖形是一七彩圓環。加入電場的，並沒有規則的排列，沒有如加上磁場般有規律的變化，但是觀察到很多磁性顆粒的擾動和聚集，還有電極邊界的一些變化。而加入液晶混和均勻之後，為一個比原本顏色更深黑的流體，磁流體的粒子即固定不動，成黑色團塊混合乳白色的液晶，對電場磁場都沒有反應。就實驗觀察到的，我們發現了，最是合作光柵的是在磁場下的磁流體，而電場對磁流體的結構也有一定的影響，在探討光柵的實驗中，也觀察到了很多磁流體的特殊現象。

(a) Purpose of Research To investigate the wave conditions offshore along the South African coast to determine wave heights, intervals, and patterns. These results have demonstrated the power potential of ocean waves and identified sites for offshore power stations. The waves off of the South African coast are the most viable, as they have wave heights of between 2.7m (9ft) and 14.6m (48ft). It is also to assist in the development of my power station design, through research into offshore wave composition, principles, periods and characteristics. (b) Procedures I have used various calculations including the surface pressure of salt water per square meter to calculate the potential power produced by a buoy. These figures have been expressed in Kilowatt Hours, and are then able to be divided by the known consumption of a single USA household in 1 year. A figure of the amount of households that can be supplied by a single generator will then be reached. An approximate power output for a single buoy is between 200 and 300 homes per year (Dependant on wave height) A concept for a maintenance free electrical generator suitable for marine use has been investigated. The design will be made as: ● A working demonstration model capable of producing electricity, which consists of a Rotary Induction Generator, ● a scale model to show the appearance of one such generator & ● A large scale model to show how generators can be congregated to form a power station offshore. (c) Data Utilising the calculations of potential power output and the wave data, the financial viability of the generator has been calculated, in relation to current fossil fuel power stations, down to a cost per Kilowatt. Wave data from international marine monitoring websites that provide real time wave condition graphs, have been tracked by myself daily for over 1 month and recorded to provide a large data resource. This provides wave heights of multiple weather systems as well as averages. Costs have been investigated from Internet sources for electrical integration to the national power grid, as well as the generator manufacture. These are estimates, as the exact specifications of my device cannot be finalised without further prototypical research. (d) Conclusion With conclusions reached by thorough research into wave dynamics, weather patterns and their effects on wave heights, Rotary induction power generation and costs related to multiple power systems, I intend to demonstrate fully to the International Electrical Producers, that coal fired power plants are more costly and environmentally damaging than my revolutionary concept for a truly economically viable, ocean based generator system.

彈性物質受外力拉伸時，溫度會升高；反之，當彈性物質由拉伸狀態縮放回去時，溫度會下降，並且降溫溫差會比原本的升溫溫差來得大。對此現象，我們仿造氣體動力論的模型做解釋：溫度是一個宏觀的物理量，其根本為分子運動動能的表現，橡皮筋未拉伸前是一個三維系統，而拉伸後長度變長、截面積變小，使橡皮筋接近一維系統，然而在拉伸的過程中我們並未提供動能的變化，因此原本分布在三個維度上的能量現在集中在一個維度上，造成等效的溫度上升現象；反之，將橡皮筋放開使其恢復原長時，將使橡皮筋恢復成三維系統，能量重新分配在三個維度上，造成收縮後的溫度比拉伸時溫度低的現象。本實驗檢驗橡皮筋溫度上升與拉伸速率、拉伸長度的關係，並且檢驗拉伸時溫度上升倍率及下降時溫度下降倍率之間的關係，同時針對整個溫度變化過程做詳細的分析說明。

本研究在於模擬臺北捷運大安森林公園站土壤液化現象並探討動力夯實工法防治效果。本研究分兩部份；一、預備實驗；二、實驗研究。預備實驗為設計沉積土層箱和捷運站砂土箱，並模擬土壤液化現象。實驗研究主要為了探討動力夯實工法對臺北捷運大安森林公園站砂層的效果。由預備實驗，我們設定1500mL水量、砂土深度10cm、砂層中未有緻密岩層，進行臺北捷運大安森林公園站砂層模擬，可以發現施作動力夯實工法砂層可以有效防治土壤液化，並從實驗中我們發覺經地盤改良的砂層在地震後會有地表濕潤現象，因此我們建議施作動力夯實工法後的砂層上方可以鋪設植草磚或連鎖磚，利於行人走動。

本研究探討大地震前電子濃度的減少與地震之間的關係，以1999年921集集及日本地區2008/06/13規模7.2兩個地震個案進行檢驗。分別以疊圖的方式累積24小時電離層全電子含量(TEC)，採前15天TEC中位數當作背景參考值，探討電子濃度的增加或減少，且以標準差σ檢驗確認其異常現象的程度。此外為分析太陽活動性對電離層TEC之影響，各選取相同磁緯、相同地方時的一點與F10.7指數相似時期做驗證，結果顯示電子濃度值異常減少可排除太陽活動的影響，而極有可能來自於大地震。

這個專題研究的目的是要發展出一套簡單可靠的方法和廉價自製的器材，在地面上即能有效估測大氣層的厚度。我們小組研究光學中雷氏(Rayleigh)散射的原理，針對空氣分子對光線散射作用和特定方向之偏極效應，利用一已知散射長度之路徑，測量其偏極光的強度，同時比對由大氣層散射而來，在同一偏極面上的散射光強度，即能估算大氣層的厚度，方法簡單新穎，自製器材經實際測量和改進，有發展和推廣的價值。\r The main idea of the experiment is to set a system in order to effectively estimate the thickness of the atmosphere. On the theory of “Rayleigh Scattering” (small air molecules sizing about 10-4μm), we developed an equipment that has two tubes. The tubes lead the scattered lights from two paths. One is called “air light” scattered in the ground air, and the other “sky light” is scattered in the sky and reflected by a beam splitter. The two paths are on the same plane; the scattered lights are perpendicular to the direction of sunlight and 100% polarized. We could adjust and measure the distance “d” of the air light path. We simultaneously observe and compare the intensity of the lights from the two paths with the electronic instrument made by ourselves. By using the known distance “d” and the reflection “x” of the beam splitter, we can calculate the thickness of the atmosphere. The experiment is simple, novel and easy to do in an extensive field at school. Researchers don’t have to use a bloom, radar or satellite to discover the atmosphere, but you could use a simple equipment to observe the features of it.

在做聲波實驗時，只聽見聲音，看不見聲波，俗語說：百聞不如一見，我想如果能用看的來配合聽的更能使我們容易瞭解聲波。

The purpose of this project is to create a project that can improve the quality and the production of the merchandise and also to prevent a 100% of mistakes in the electronic components which are complicated to detect or not detectable for us when we are making a circuit. Other of the purpose of this project is to prevent the bad production in the products which are elaborated in a company and then to check if the employee is working well, in that way the company will be able to avoid the bad production and it will be more profit for the company thanks to the products.

一般的化學電池除了兩個電極外，需要兩個燒杯內分別放入相關的電解質及一個鹽橋內放入一種可導電但不參與反應的電解質，實在是很不方便組裝，且電流又不大。例如傳統鋅銅電池正負電極分別為3×5cm2Cu片、3×5cm2Zn片，電解質[CuSO4]=0.4M、[ZnSO4]=0.4M，鹽橋[KNO3]=1.0M時，其電流約僅2~5mA、電壓約1.0V，且不可充電，此電池無論在裝置上、功能上都不是很好的設備。 經本實驗的結果顯示另類鋅銅電池有以下優點、特色： 1.當正負電極分別為銅的相關難溶鹽固體(CuO、Cu2O、CuS、CuCl)、3×5cm2Zn片時，僅需一種電解質，不僅鹽橋真的可以移除，無須半透膜、素瓷杯，在該電解質濃度仍為0.4M下，電流即可增加至70~100mA、電壓維持在約1.1V，且可充電！ 2.銅的相關難溶鹽固體電極(CuO、Cu2O、CuS、CuCl)的製備方法---燒結法是考慮學校設備、經費下所獨創、可行的製備方法！這是高一基礎化學第一章第一節化學簡史中談論火的使用與容器製作的關係，加上日常生活中焢土窯的經驗讓我們突發奇想的作法。 3.目前此充電電池在0.4 M NaOH低濃度電解液下，電池未充電即自然放電可得70~20mA穩定電流，維持時間約10分鐘(600秒)，經1~3次充電後，效能不僅可維持甚至更好，電流可達80~21mA，維持時間更拉長至28分鐘(1680秒)！所以無論是在實驗時的組裝便利性亦或電池的功能如電流大小、可充電性上，都有突破性的創新改善，應可作為將來國、高中的基本化學電池的實驗之一。

在上一屆科展中對地圖筆的褪色原理已有初步的了解，為了對產品能有更統整性的分析。因此，針對這個題目作更深入的研究和探討。此次研究的重點在於酚?、百里酚?及硝基酚對於各種材質的運用，試著找出有別於酸鹼指示的新方法。可自己製造顯示筆、消失筆，更可以創造出各種不同顏色的地圖筆。