這是我在小時候玩畫花圓圈的一種遊戲，起先，我認為只是畫一畫而已，但是玩久了以後，卻發現：奇怪！為什麼每一個點畫出來的圖案都不一樣？有些花瓣又尖又長，有些花瓣又圓又短，甚至還有一些畫了幾圈就開始重複了呢！於是，我就開始想研究這個奇怪的問題。

My school requires year 13 students to complete a year long project of a topic of their choice, culminating in the presentation of a thesis, a display and speech to a public audience. Many different topics appealed, but in the end I decided to build a micro wind-turbine. I have always been fascinated with mechanics, mathematics, engineering, aerodynamics and electricity. A wind turbine is a mixture of these technologies, with the overall goal of electricity production. In a world that is starting to see the true costs of fossil fuels, renewable energy seems to be increasingly popular and the demand for electricity is always growing.\r I was aware that building a wind-turbine from the foundations up wouldn’t be easy. Many of the experts I contacted in the early days cautioned me against trying such a complex thing in one year, at the same time as completing a full Year 13 course. There were, however, people prepared to support me. Michael Lawley, who builds micro wind turbines in New Plymouth was very helpful, just full of priceless knowledge and gave me a few basic parts to start with. The knowledge gained from Doug Clark, who also builds his own 11 kW wind turbines, was such an inspiration. Later I had practical help from Wilson Springford and Darron Matthews.\r I investigated and documented the history of and current state of wind technology, as well as my own experience and learning in the design, construction and testing process. I thought it would be interesting to find out how the electrical and mechanical side works.\r The generator, a washing machine motor, needed to be completely rewired, and converted to DC (direct current) from AC (alternating current). I built my own 3-phase AC to DC converter.\r Other parts like the disc brakes and bearings had to be found. The rest was hand-made and every part, to a certain extent, had to be modified. Probably more than twenty braking system design attempts led to the final decision to incorporate the wind-activated hydraulic disc brake where the wind paddle starts to ease the brake on over a certain wind speed.\r I studied the dynamics of wind turbine blades, their shape, the material they were made from and how this affected their performance. The decision to make my own blades helped me gain a great sense of achievement and knowledge of blade design. I found some New Zealand made 100% recycled plastic pipe, an added bonus because I wanted to have minimal environmental impact. I designed the turbine with three blades to give better starting torque along with a lower top speed, perfect for how I wired the generator.\r I designed the swivel, the part of the wind turbine that enables the power cables to get from the turbine down the tower without twisting up and has the job of carrying the whole turbine, which is mostly made from recycled aluminium. The steel and bearings used to create the swivel were all second-hand parts and materials. The power from the turbine passes through the swivel into the cables and down the tower. The main mast of the tower is a little over 4.7 metres and pivots on two shorter supporting poles which go down around 2.6 metres to the bottom of the reinforced concrete foundation.\r I managed to, design and construct an operational prototype micro wind-turbine, incorporating recycled and recyclable materials as much as possible, with the end result surpassing all expectations.

為提高紅蘿蔔利用價值、增加農民收益與農產品利用率，本實驗以採收後規格外之紅蘿蔔為主材料，將其添加在蜂蜜蛋糕中，同時改良製作及烤焙方法，開發健康取向的紅蘿蔔蜂蜜蛋糕。為了找出最佳配方，本研究主要探討蜂蜜蛋糕的製作方法，而以烤焙流程的改良為輔，改良基礎配方，將紅蘿蔔添加於蜂蜜蛋糕中，賦予蜂蜜蛋糕新的風味。結果顯示：以雙層鋁箔盒中間加水，可以取代傳統木製框架烤焙；利用分蛋打法可以取代添加乳化劑的全蛋打法；添加烘焙百分比70%冷凍紅蘿蔔、38%蜂蜜及9%沙拉油，可以得到最佳風味。同時喜好性官能品評結果顯示：本實驗開發的健康取向紅蘿蔔蜂蜜蛋糕，在外觀、形狀、大小、顏色、口感、甜味、蜂蜜味、紅蘿蔔味、黏牙度、濕潤度、彈性等整體接受度達81%以上。

中文摘要 本實驗先尋求將廢棄保麗龍磺酸化為陽離子交換樹脂(本實驗稱”保麗龍膠”)的方法。將保 麗龍依：丙酮溶解→硬化→打碎→與濃硫酸共煮三小時→浸於50%硫酸溶液中→沖洗→以水 浸泡的流程，即可達再造的目的；我們測得其磺酸化比例為62.5%。再利用「碘滴定法」(浸 泡式)與「相對電壓檢測法」(流動式)，依次尋求保麗龍膠吸附金屬離子的最佳條件。其中「碘 滴定法」可有效測出銅離子濃度，但手續繁瑣；「相對電壓檢測法」最大的好處是知道保麗龍 膠何時吸附達飽和必須再生。 目前我們所知，要保麗龍膠達到吸附陽離子的最佳效能，其條件依次為：使用細粒的保 麗龍膠；低濃度的金屬離子溶液；質量愈大的保麗龍膠；低溫下較慢的金屬廢水流速及pH 值約為4.30 的銅離子廢水；鈉型的保麗龍膠吸附效能優於氫型。保麗龍膠對不同金屬離子亦 有吸附力，單位體積所含離子數愈少，初始的相對電壓會愈高；在相同莫耳濃度下，不同離 子的吸附力依次為Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋；分次吸附確可將金屬離子完全去除；由 吸附等溫線觀察得知，可能保麗龍膠為多孔物質，導致500ppm 以下的吸附模式無法明確判 斷，1000ppm 以上則為物理吸附模式；保麗龍膠可以再生也可被覆在砂粒上達到不錯的吸附 效能；最後，我們將吸附過金屬離子的保麗龍廢膠與硫酸鈣、紙漿及些許的石灰(質量依序為 13 克、13 克、7 克、0.04 克)混合，可製成類似紙黏土，做成造型磁鐵，廢物利用十分有趣。 Abstract The Experiment will, first of all, explore the ways to sulfonate expandable polystyrene into cation ion exchange resin (called “polystyrene rubber” hereafter in the experiment). The procedures of treating expandable polystyrene are as follows: acetone dissolve→hardening→smashing→ boiling with sulfuric acid for three hours→immersing in 50% sulfuric acid solution→washing→ immersing in water so that we may reach the goal of reconstruction. We calculate the sulfonated rate to be 62.5%. Then we make use of “Iodine Titration”(immersion method) and “Opposite Voltage”(floating method) to seek for the best conditions of adsorption the metallic ion through polystyrene rubber. The former can effectively calculate the concentration of copper ion, but the procedures are quite complex. The greatest advantage of the “Opposite Voltage” method is that we may know when the adsorption of polystyrene rubber is saturated and should be regenerated. As far as we know at present, the conditions of obtaining the best effect that polystyrene may adsorb the cation ion are as follows: fine particles of polystyrene rubber; low concentration metallic solution; polystyrene rubber of which the mass is greater; at lower temperature, slower waste water flow speed and the copper ion waste water with pH 4.30; the adsorption effect of sodium type polystyrene rubber is better than the hydrogen type. Polystyrene rubber also has adsorption effect toward different metallic ion. The less ion per cubic contains, the higher the original opposite voltage. With the same mole concentration, different ion adsorption effects may range as follows: Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋. The batch adsorption definitely may erase metallic ion completely. By observing the adsorption isotherm, possibly because the polystyrene rubber is a multi-apertured matter, we find that it is impossible to judge exactly the adsorption model of those metallic ion solutions of which the concentrations are below 500ppm. Those which are over 1,000ppm belong to physical adsorption models. Polystyrene may be regenerated and get an adsorption effect by coating sand particals. In the last analysis, we may make paper clay and magnets of different styles by mixing the adsorbed metallic ion polystyrene rubber with calcium sulfate, paper pulp and a little lime(the mass are respectively 13g, 13g, 7g, and 0.04g). The reuse of waste is really very interesting.

本實驗是將廢棄之蛋殼，以高溫煅燒後的產物作為研究主軸，使其廢棄物再循環利用。在於運用在食材上，可作為殺菌劑、保鮮劑、並對於殘留食物中之二氧化硫有脫離等功用，而且無須擔心蛋殼殘留在食材上的毒害的問題。結果發現，在不同溫度下煅燒後蛋殼粉之 CaO 與 pH 值，會隨著煅燒的溫度上升，CaO含量與 pH 值皆隨著增加。進一步實驗發現，煅燒後的蛋殼粉，在雞蛋殼上面的微生物的殺菌力效果顯著，對於大腸桿菌(E.coli)抑制的效果頗佳，且對於金針花上殘留的二氧化硫之脫離有明顯的下降效果。

1.Purpose of the research We observed frequent application of chemical pesticides and herbicides at the pear orchards near our school. Our concerning questions are the influences of agricultural chemicals on soil ecosystem which may be slowly deteriorating. There are many other orchards where the farmers are practicing environmentally-friendly agriculture using organic fertilizers such as composed manure instead of sycnthetic fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to examine chemical and mocrobiological quality of the orchard soil. We report biological control of pear disease using antagonistic microorganisms and suggest improvement of soil quality as a result of nature friendly agricultural practice. 2.Procedures and Data Two orchards were selected: Conventional fertilizers and chemical pesticide application farm; Environmentally friendly farm using organic plant manure and biological control of disease. Several different aspects of soil micro-flora, indicator microorganisms, physiological characteristics of pear fruit, residues of synthetic chemicals in the soil, soil chemical properties were examined. We could observe that use of organic manure and biological control agents for disease control by indigenous microorganisms improved biological and chemical quality of the orchard soil. Results are summarized as follow: A. Microbial diversity could be observed in organic farming orchard soil. Among 42 fungal genus, 7 species of penicillium including P. decumns, 3 Alternaria species, 4 Fusarium species including Fusarium graminearum, 6 Aspergillus species including Aspergillus niger were identified. In case of bacteria, 59 samples were isolated and 17 genus including Cystophaga johsonae were identified. B. Beneficial indigenous bacteria having several biological functions were isolated: Enterobacter intermedium produces organic acid therefore this bacterium can solubilize insoluble phosphate. Several Pseudomonas species were isolated. These bacteria produce iron chelating compound under iron limited environments and can control plant disease. Interestingly, we could find indigenous biocontrol agent Hypocrea vinosa which can effectively control black star disease on pear surface. C. We have formulated ten different microbial-pesticides using several combinations of indigeous microorganisms such as Hypocrea vinosa, Trichoderma atroviride, Rhizopus microsporus etc. These microbial-pesticides could inhibit 100% of black star disease on pear surface which showed similar inhibition effect as commercial pesticides indicate that these microbial-pesticides may replace synthetic chemicals in the near furture. 3.Conclusions Our research demonstrates the eco-friendly organic farming system could improve soil eco-system of pear orchard, where no synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are applied. As a result of manure application, the soil chemical properties are more stable and microbiological flora was more diverse. Use of microbial and bio-pesticide resulted in strong inhibition of black-star disease incidence on pear surface. We suggest that eco-friendly farming systems are needed to diminish environmental pollution in soil and water caused by frequent and abundant use of agricultural chemicals.

一、A4紙張折成的?翔機要能滑行得遠必需要平順的滑行，除了滑翔機的材質(質輕但堅固)及對稱等條件外、主要和重心位置、側翼、水平翼面積、發射速度及角度有關。不同的滑翔機條件，只要用對發射方法，也可以獲得良好的滑行距離。 二、從實驗的結果，我們獲得了如何依據滑翔機的滑行軌跡來調整滑翔機及發射方法使它能更平順的滑行，獲得較佳的滑行距離。 三、最佳發射角度和速度要能產生適合的升力使滑翔機射出後能平順的滑翔，和重心位置有關，重心越前，發射角度和速度都有增加的趨勢(角度為向下增加)。 四、最佳的滑翔機為重心位置可以使機身以穩定的速度平順的滑行。

我們從日常生活中的酒瓶填塞問題，延伸出圓在相守條件下產生的衍生圖面\r 積極值及相守圓排法等問題，研究過程中我們發現以下的結果：\r 一、 我們可以利用較少個相守圓的排法，以繁殖或增加的方式排出較多個相守圓\r 的衍生圖。\r 二、 當相守圓數量為2個、4個及6個時，相守圓以對角線排列，且衍生圖為正方形\r 時，面積會產生最大值。而當相守圓數量為3 個及5 個時，衍生圖面積最大\r 值會出現在相守圓排成波浪形時，但其夾角並非特殊角。\r 三、當相守圓數量為2個至6個時，相守圓以直線排列，衍生圖面積會產生最小值。\r 四、透過不同層數、個數的研究得知：當相守圓的數量為11個或14個以上時，存\r 在正三角形排法小於直線排法的情形 。而相守圓個數在10個以下時，直線排\r 法面積都叫正三角形排法小。\r 五、我們可以用質單元分割的方式討論更多圓數時，相守圓間的排列方式，使得\r 生多元間的排列變為數字間的加法排列，可以大大降低討論情形的複雜度。\r 六、我們可以用密度的概念，搭配質單元分割的方式，得到不同圓數時，以不同\r 衍生多元搭配波浪形法形成之衍生圖密度最小值。\r 七、我們可以算幾及柯西不等式來驗證特定類型的衍生圖面積極值，也可以列出\r 面積函數來分析不同類型的衍生圖面積極值。

當我們由課本的理論及他人所作的實驗分析，我們知道了重力加速度，但當我們想求取「重力加速度」時，才發現並不是很容易的一件事。這促使我們有無論如何要克服技術上的困難，使每個人都易於操作，並求取更精確數值的決心，因此設計出實驗(C) 之測定法。在約半年前，剛接觸到物理，使用電鈴型計時器，以測量運動物體的運動狀況，我們就想到以此簡單的裝置來求重力加速度，但因電鈴型計時器的不穩定，以及紙帶與計時器或其他的摩擦，使實驗結果與公認值出入甚大（參考後述實驗 A )，若落體在短距離內的運動確為等加速度運動，則任意相鄰兩時距的位移差應相等，結果不甚理想，加以分析紙帶亦稍嫌繁冗，因此為了觀察短距離內的落體運動，是否為等加速度運動，才設計出實驗(B) 予以證實。寶驗(C) 原理簡單，操作容易，且每個有興趣的讀者皆可自己動手製作此裝置，實驗結果已使外力影響達到極限，希望我們提出能引起大家的興趣，並共同追尋科學的新發展。

在操作理化第二冊實驗9─1時，不小心硝酸銀容易濺到了手及課本，經過一段時間後，沾到銷酸銀的手及課本的紙張都出現了黑色的污點，且實驗中產生的氯化銀白色沈澱稍後亦變成灰黑色，老師說是因為銀離子還原成銀原子之故，但在理化第一冊談到的保溫瓶結構中指出保溫瓶膽處鍍銀以防止熱因輻射而流失，老師提到，這層銀是利用所謂的「銀鏡反應」鍍上去的，然而同樣的銀離子還原成銀原子的反應，為何會有不同的顏色產生呢？種種現象引起我們的好奇，於是便著手實驗，探究原因。

在民國八十八年九月二十一日那一天，一陣天搖地動後，我們原本上課的教室不能用了，老師帶著我們到時新蓋的簡易教室(組合屋)上課．每天只要一到中午的時後，我們的簡易教室就好像烤箱一樣那麼熱，老師說在短時間內學效沒有多餘的錢可以讓我們買冷氣，而且冷氣機也很耗電，會增加電廠用電量的需求。\r 雖然學校和許多熱心的家長買了一些電風扇讓我們使用，不過，我們還是覺得很熱。在簡易教室內上課，老師很辛苦，我們很辛苦，爸爸和媽媽也很"心苦"。如果每一天的太陽都不對著我們笑，那就好了!