環境工程

灰色理論近來廣泛應用於各行各業的管理資訊科學上，本研究乃應用灰色理論的一階微分中輸入變數為一項之 GM ( 1 , 1 ）模型，來預測台灣中部地區土石流主要因素雨量的月平均量值。本文運用三筆以上的歷史資料，作最近一年歷史性資料的預測，藉以驗證獲得其誤差（±△e）之校止參考依據值，比利用殘差檢驗所得的誤差校止數據，更能修止出精確的預測值，接著再做台灣中部雨量未來之預測，以作為未來雨水、土石流防治之參考 · 為了能迅速產生所要的灰色預測值，研究中並以 VB 程式語言及以Petri-net分析其動態處理行為，藉 GM ( 1 , 1 ）模型的專屬處理支援程式，以做為未來雨輦自動化處理警示與預測之支援機制。Recently Grey Theory has been widely applied to management information science in all kinds of areas. This research applies the first Level differential of the Grey Theory to put a variable in GM( 1,1) model to forecast the monthly average value of the most common precipitation, in the midland Taiwan earth-stone flood zone. This paper uses more than three historical data to forecast the most recent year’s historical data, which can be used to verify and acquire referential correction data of its errors ( ±△e). The aforementioned method can correct forecast data more precisely than the differential inspection. In addition, this method can then forecast future precipitation in midland Taiwan earth-stone flood zone and the results can serve as reference for future precipitation control. To rapidly receive the needed Grey forecast values, the research analyzes its dynamic process method by utilizing VB program and Petri-net to build a dedicated process-support program of GM( I , 1) model. This program will serve as a support mechanism for future automatic precipitation warning and forecast.

運用自製低頻噪音( The relations between vehicle average speed with low frequency engine exhaust noise(

聚丙烯酸(PAA)是尿布中吸水成份，我們利用其結構上的羧基螯合Ag＋，並成功以甲醛將Ag＋還原成奈米銀。但我們意外發現螯合Ag＋的PAA白色粉末在沒有其他還原劑存在下也會漸漸變成黃色，與「利用甲醛還原製得的奈米銀」顏色十分相似。本實驗即揭開此粉末變色真相，希望能在不使用額外還原劑下，直接以PAA將螯合的Ag＋製成奈米銀，不僅具環保與實用價值，更能使奈米銀製程朝向綠色化學。我們透過水溶性聚丙烯酸鈉(SPA)在均相中進行變色機制探討及影響變因的研究，找出有利的反應條件，再應用於PAA。研究證實PAA能將螯合的Ag＋同步還原成奈米銀，反應機制與檸檬酸鈉作用模式相似，而提升濃度、溫度或照光有利於反應，酸性條件則不利，照各種色光也有所差異。

1. Purpose of research \r To investigate the feasibility of using municipal cellulosic wastes as feedstock for production of biochar in pyrolysis, the effects of metal catalysts in pyrolysis, and the applicability of the produced biochar as a fertilizer\r 2. Procedures \r A. Investigation into the characteristics of (metal catalyzed) pyrolysis of various cellulosic wastes \r 1. The cellulosic waste (and catalyst) was weighed and put into a boiling tube. The tube was stopped with a plastic bung with holes. A plastic tube and a thermocouple were inserted through the holes. The other end of the plastic tube was submerged. \r 2. A Bunsen flame was used to pyrolyse cellulosic waste. Temperature and time of reaction were recorded. Gas produced was collected underwater. Biochar and bio-oil were obtained and weighed. \r B. Evaluation of adsorptive capabilities of different materials \r 1. Blue light absorbances of KH2PO4 solutions (mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent to form yellow solutions) at different concentrations were found and an absorbance-concentration curve was established. \r 2. 5g of each material being evaluated was sandwiched between two pieces of filter paper before being put into a suction funnel. KH2PO4 solution was poured into the funnels. The setups were left overnight and filtrates were collected. \r 3. Collected filtrates were mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent. Concentration of phosphates in each filtrate was found by the curve.\r 3. Data \r I. Highest percentage conversion from waste to biochar: 94.1% (paper towel, iron wool) \r II. Highest sequestration rate of carbon: 98.6% (paper towel, zinc) \r III. Lowest pyrolysis temperature: 162°C (paper towel, copper) \r IV. Best catalyst in terms of speed of biochar production: copper (+47.7%) \r V. Highest speeds of biochar production (w/ and w/o catalyst): 46.4g/hr (paper towel, copper) and 27.7g/hr (sawdust) \r VI. Adsorptions of KH2PO4: 14.4% (biochar from sawdust)/ 9.02% (sawdust)\r 4. Conclusions \r The pyrolysis of cellulosic waste to biochar was achievable at school laboratory conditions, with satisfactory results in carbon sequestration, production speed and percentage conversion. \r Under catalysis by various metals, the production of either biochar or pyrolytic gas and oil can be optimized, providing a low-cost way to derive fuel and sequestration-ready carbon, both crucial as answers to looming crises. The use of copper greatly speeds up pyrolysis and lowers the pyrolysis temperature, further increasing the economic potential of the process. \r Biochar is also an effective means to soil management, as shown in field and laboratory experiments. Its adsorption capability far exceeds that of untreated cellulosic waste, retaining nutrients to be taken by plants instead of leaching away. It was also shown to improve fruit yield and induce ripeness in tomato, making it obvious that biochar is also a viable fertilizer. \r All in all, metal-catalyzed biochar production from municipal cellulosic waste and the subsequent use of biochar as fertilizer have the benefits of: low feedstock cost, low energy cost, fast production, carbon sequestration, soil management and waste recycling. It is a remedy to some of the most persistent and serious global problems: food and energy crisis, water pollution, excessive greenhouse effect alongside waste treatment.

Generally speaking in order for a exotic plant life to dominate over the local ecology, the following factors must hold true: 1. A close proximity of the environment (including geographical and climatic factors) 2. A lack of nature enemy and competitor 3. A strong reproductive and adaptability capacity. Base on the above factors, We will be using Field Observation record, Sample placement, virtual environment factor experiment and other methods to conducing our investigation. This study shown the African Touch-Me-Not（Impatiens wallerana） has a strong reproductive and adaptability capacity. Even under adverse condition the African Touch-Me-Not survive for a period of time. It can produce flowers then fruits all year round, within each fruit there is on average 45 seeds with, under the right condition, near 100% germination rate. It can also reproduce asexually via cutting. Taiwan’s warm and humid geographical condition is similar to its origin of Africa. And so far haven’t found any obvious natural enemy. In the future this plant will be likely to spread on the low to mid. level mountain region. It also can be seen that the divergence within its habitat is low. Therefore it will decrease the variety, the density and the diversification of the local eco-system. Here to advise the government’s forestry and agriculture department, to study the relevant ecological information on this species, when they are considering popularization this plant. Using the information to evaluate the impact of this plant may have on the environment, and use it as a guideline for their plant conservation policy. 一般而言，外來植物入侵本地原生植群成功的條件有：一、相似的環境（包括地理、氣候等因素）。二、缺乏天敵及競爭對手。三、旺盛的繁殖力和適應力。針對上述條件，利用野外觀察記錄、樣區設置及模擬環境因子實驗等方法，來探討非洲大鳳仙未來是否會在臺灣蔓延、擴展進而影響本土的生態系。結果顯示非洲大鳳仙有旺盛的繁殖力和適應力，?使在不利的環境下，短時間不會死亡。一年四季皆可開花結果，每粒果實平均有四十五粒種子。環境適宜時，有接近百分之百的萌發率，亦可用莖進行無性繁殖。另外，臺灣溫暖多雨的地理環境亦與其原產地非洲相似，且未發現明顯天敵，未來極有可能在中低海拔山區蔓延。調查也發現它生長的地區岐異度明顯偏低，使其他植物種類、密度減少，生物多樣性降低。因此建議政府、森林、園藝和農業工作人員在推廣時，多吸取相關物種的生態學資訊，評估其對環境可能造成之影響，以作為植物保育之重要參考。

"Nitrates and phosphates cause eutrophication when present in high concentrations.\r This project aims to employ macrophytes to reduce such macronutrients in water bodies via growth and kinetic studies, which is a unique fusion of methodologies. It also involves a novel design and analysis of several enclosure prototypes to introduce macrophytes into waterways and their effects on the waterway’s ability to convey storm water rapidly away from flood-prone areas.\r Tropical macrophytes (emergent macrophytes Typha angustifolia and Cyperus haspan, submerged macrophytes Hydrilla verticillata and Cabomba aquatica, floating macrophytes Lemna minor) were grown in simulated wastewater with high nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Analysis of the growth and uptake kinetics of the macrophytes showed a correlation between high growth rate and high nitrates and phosphates uptake. C. aquatica had the highest uptake rate for nitrates and phosphates as well as the highest growth rate of 6.11 ± 1.2 % day-1 . The remaining macrophytes were proven to exhibit good phytoremediative properties, with emergent macrophytes C. haspan and T. angustifolia having great affinity (as indicated by a low Km value) for phosphate and nitrate respectively. An analysis of the phytoremediative abilities of each macrophyte was done to provide recommendations for growth in different aquatic areas.\r A total of eight nettings, made from different materials-linen and plastic, and pore sizes were used to design the enclosure prototypes. These enclosures possess a metal skeletal structure for greater stability. Results show that a combination of 2 different nettings provided the best trade-off between ensuring that the macrophytes were contained within the enclosures and minimising the enclosure’s impact on the flow velocity of the waterways. Enclosures could then be attached to existing infrastructure like the float booms as a platform for large scale phytoremediation locally."

With an increase in the use of biosolids as a soil replacement and as a fertilizer for crop production, consumers continue to question the safety of crops grown in biosolids.Although past research has shown that there are no adverse affectsin the nutritional value of plants grown in biosolids, I furtherresearched the safety levels of trace metals in crops fertilized using biosolids.

本研究自2005 年12 月開始，以臺北市內湖區大湖自公園死亡的漂浮琵琶鼠魚(Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish )為主要研究對象，探討外來物種與放生行為對大湖生態系的影響。 研究期間共觀察到死亡的琵琶鼠魚隻數計有1085 隻，可記錄到個體形質資料的隻數為910 隻，背鰭棘數則有11 棘、12 棘、13 棘與14 棘四種，分析四種不同棘數的琵琶鼠魚後發現：在體長、頭寬及吻到背鰭長度均無差異(p>0.05)，因此判斷所記錄的個體應是棘甲鯰科(Loricariidae) Pterygoplichthys 屬中的同一種魚種。由檢視魚體並分析記錄數量與環境因子相關性後推測：琵琶鼠魚死亡主因是劇烈起伏的溫度差異，其次是人為因素的刻意傷害。 所記錄到大湖池塘水棲動物有：環節動物、軟體動物、節肢動物、魚類、兩棲動物及爬行動物等六大類共34 種，其中外來物種有16 種，本地入侵物種有3 種，而這些外來動物進入大湖的主要管道應是由個人的棄養或放生行為所造成。琵琶鼠魚因繁殖能力強、具攻擊性、吞食其他魚種卵塊、可適應高污染水體及垂釣客對魚種的篩選等因素，而成為最具生存競爭能力的優勢魚種。不但造成大湖池塘呈現嚴重魚種單一化，更可由靜止水域大量擴散至流動水域。未來如何將政府相關部門、學術研究單位與民間社團等力量結合，共同防範大湖琵琶鼠魚的持續蔓延、宣導民眾正確的放生觀念、積極改善大湖水體污染狀況，並訂定完整之外來物種移除計畫，以期恢復大湖池塘物種歧異度，都將是刻不容緩的重要生態課題。;This research began in December of 2005. Focusing on dead floating Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish in Dahu Park, Nei-hu Distrct, Taipei city. We discuss the impacts of Alien and of behaviors of the release of captured animals on Dahu Park’s ecosystem. During observation period, there were totally 1085 dead Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, of which 910 bodies were found. The number of the thorn bushes on dorsal fins includes 11, 12, 13,and 14. After analyzing four kinds of different thorn bushes, we find that no differences exist in Total length, Head width, Predorsal length (p>0.05). We hence conclude that the recorded object should be species with identical with Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys. With the inspection of the fish’s body and the analysis of the relevance of the recorded quantity and the environmental factor, we infer that the main reason of the Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish’s death is violent temperature differences and the second is attributed to human’s intentional abuse. The aquatic animals of Dahu Park amount to 34 kinds and six classes such as Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Pisces, Amphobian, and Reptilia. Among them, 16 kinds that are Alien and 3 kinds are Native Invasive Species. Intentional abandon and release behavior channel of these Alien to Dahu Park. Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish are highly productive, aggressive, and adaptable to highly polluted water. Besides, they eat ovums from other fishes. Moreover, they are not the fisher’s preference and hence often thrown back into pond once hooked . Thus, they become the most competitive survival fish species in Dahu Park. The high competitive ability of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish causes Dahu Park to present a serious unification of fish species. This serious unification of fish species could also be spread from static water areas of Dahu Park to flowing water areas. According to our research, certain urgent ecological issues in Dahu Park are to take precautions against the spread of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, to promote the correct idea of releasing captured animals, to improve Dahu Park’s water pollution, and to stipulate a complete plan about eliminating Alien. Our research suggest that government’s relevant departments, academic research units, and folk corporations should be cooperated to achieve the above four goals. Once the four goals are achieved, we believe that the fish species of Dahu Park will be full of varieties again.

In this project, the stem of the banana tree is innovated into the absorbent substance in the baby’s diapers. A water proof material too has been innovated . In the study carried out, several changes has been identified in the production of an environment friendly disposable diapers.The structure of water molecules and cellulose as well as charges in both materials will enable cellulose present in all green plants to absorb water easily and effectively. Cellulose is also insoluble in water or solvent. This project uses the banana stem due to its high cellulose content and furthermore the cellulose present has a very fine structure which will increase its absorbency rate. Baby’s urine will be absorb into the absorbent material through capillary actions due to surface tension that develops between the cellulose and baby’s urine. The absorbent substance in baby’s diapers available today in the market is made up of Polyacrilate (SAP) and cellulose which are extracted from hardwoods, particularly pine trees. The production of the absorbent substance from the cellulose will help to reduce the logging of hardwoods.

Purpose of Project: To save energy and to help the underprivileged with a cooler that uses no electricity to make their lives better. Procedure/method followed: STEP 1: Collected 28, used, 2 litre plastic bottles. STEP 2: Chose the window with the best wind flow. Measured the size of the window and the room chosen. STEP 3: A sturdy thick polystyrene board was cut to the size of the window. Holes were drilled to the rim size of the bottles spacing them according to the body size of the bottles. STEP 4: Bottles were cut in half. STEP 5: The bottle necks were slid through the holes with the necks open to the inside of the room and the bodies open to the outside. STEP 6: Fixed a thermometer in the room and measured the temperature and recorded it. STEP 7: Fixed the Powerless Shack Cooler with the necks of the bottles open to the inside and the bodies open to the outside of the room. STEP 8: The temperature variation was checked and recorded every 30 minutes for 3 hours. STEP 9: Another room of the same size and window was also chosen. Fixed a thermometer and temperature variation was checked and recorded every 30 minutes for 3 hours. This served as the control of the experiment. Data/results: The room temperature decreased over time inside the room where the Powerless Shack Cooler was installed onto the window. But the control room maintained the initial room temperature although slight fluctuations in the room temperature were observed over time. Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. As the air molecules moved through the bottles, it bounced off each other, and off the walls of the container, holding the air. A small volume of air passed at a high velocity. When the molecules moved faster the collision became more often. These collisions and the push increased air pressure. When the container’s space was getting smaller, the molecules picked up speed and the temperature went up. When the air was released out into the room, the volume suddenly expanded. The intermolecular spaces became larger; so less agitation and vibration of molecules took place. The molecules moved slowly. The room temperature reduced. Air inside the room became cooler. During the adiabatic expansion, air molecules used heat energy from the room and converted it into kinetic energy for faster movement.