由於結網性蜘蛛視覺不靈敏，如何在網上藉振動進行獵捕，這是長久以來頗令科學家困惑的難題，當周遭環境各種振源觸網時，首先會產生不同振盪，蜘蛛是否藉由這些振盪得知獵物資訊？如何迅速準確的定位？又有那些決策條件影響蜘蛛的捕獵行為？更特別的，為何蜘蛛在捕獵過程中會“扯網”？本研究以台灣最大型結網性蜘蛛－人面蜘蛛為研究對象，並設計出一套非接觸式的測量方法，就上述謎題作深入的探討後，成功的解開人面蜘蛛的捕獵機制。簡單來說，其機制分為兩大系統：(1)當獵物擾動不明顯，人面蜘蛛會立即扯網，藉有無產生阻尼振盪，以判斷有無獵物存在；在阻尼振盪產生時，蜘蛛將感知其中具有最大阻尼振盪之放射絲為獵物所在方向，而振盪週期長短，係蜘蛛用以判斷獵物遠近之有效因素。(2)當振源明顯時，蜘蛛直接判斷各種擾動的振幅大小、頻率高低、波形模式、振源質量輕重，決定是否啟動捕獵或逃離反應，並在反應前先行定位，亦即以步足腳勾偵測並比較各放射絲之振盪大小，以振盪最大之放射絲為獵物方向，其次藉由第二對步足之位移所產生之準光角，判斷獵物之遠近。蜘蛛正確的將獵物定位後，會以適當的速度往前衝，一口咬住獵物，以蛛絲重重包裹後，拖往網中央並進行吸食。 Giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes, is the biggest orb web spider in Taiwan. The mature N. pilipes may even grow to exceed 5 cm body length. While waiting for the prey, its giant body hangs quietly on the hub of the web. Owing to its ineffective vision and sense of smell, the spider depends almost on detecting the vibration signal of the struggling of web cause by the struggling prey. When various kinds of sources from the environment contact the web, they will generate various types of vibrations which cause the spider to judge whether they represent danger, prey, or irrelevant signals. Our results suggest that if the disturbance is obvious, through discriminating the amplitude and frequency of the vibration, the spider will make a decision whether to attack or escape immediately. Yet, before any decision is made, it will need to locate the source of vibration. For example, it will locate prey correctly by comparing the vibration transmitted from the radiating strings. The radiating strings that transmitted the largest vibration are where the prey is entangled. The displacement of the second pair of legs will generate a quasi visual angle which enables it to comprehend the distance of prey. When the vibration signal is obscure, it will jerk the radiating string immediately. After jerking it, if there is damping oscillation on the web, then the spider can judge the location of the prey. When there is damping oscillation, the radiating string that transmitted the greatest damping oscillation is where the prey is entangled. Furthermore, the frequency of damping oscillation helps the spider to judge the distance of the prey. After locating the prey correctly, N. pilipes approaches the prey fast, wraps it with silk then drags the prey to the hub to feed.\r

a. Purpose of the Research Evidence has shown that people are becoming more aware of environmental protection than in the past. Not only has the government made every effort to implement the policies of environmental protection, but Hong Kong citizens are also more willing to cooperate and help out. However, when it comes to conservation of energy and reduction of wastage, many people still regard it as a burden and they just take it lightly. In fact, environmental protection can be achieved in a convenient and simple way. We can easily put in practice in our daily lives. Because of this, we would like to introduce our invention - “shock Induced battery” by using our knowledge of Physics. b. Procedures The “Shock Induced battery” makes use of locomotion of human bodies to generate electricity. The electrical current generated from the specially designed generator will pass through the diode bridges, which adjust the current to one direction. This enables the electrical energy to be stored in the capacitor. This energy will be released when the battery is correctly connected to a circuit with a switch and a resistor. One of the features of the battery is that it is portable. It is mainly used to charge up electrical devices. But it is hoped that it will replace non-chargeable cells one day, and can directly be used in any electrical devices. In fact, our ultimate goal is to reduce the wastage of materials for making the cells, and to solve the problem of disposal of these cells. c. Data The induced a.c. voltage is full-wave rectified by the diode bridge. d. Conclusions In a word, we are trying to provide a chance for people to put environmental protection in practice, so as to raise the awareness of people about environmental protection. After all, high-tech products only solve the power-saving problem to a certain extent, but it is the awareness and the initiatives of the public which matter. We are convinced that environmental protection brings fun to your daily lives, as you will find practices on environmental protection both convenient and simple.

The water-supporting system of community should use high efficiency pumps to\r support water and set up a unique water tower for each floor. Since there are high and\r low period of water-consuming and the variety of water pressure, we have to set up a\r unique water tower for higher floors firstly.\r It help us through high peak period of water-consuming, or it turns on pressure-aid\r pumps to save energy.\r 社區供水系統應採高效率之幫浦高壓供水,分樓層設置專用水塔,在用水有高峰\r 及離峰時段,水壓有高低變化,優先順序供水給較高樓層的專用水塔,樓層專用水\r 塔容量必須足以渡過用水高峰時段之容量,否則就啟動輔助加壓幫浦,達到節約能\r 源之目的。

由於低廉成本、無毒及其他原因，由二氧化鈦、有機染料及電解液所製造的光敏有機太陽能電池(DSC)被預測即將成為一種大規模廣泛流行的太陽能電池。本實驗比較合成染料(像紅汞和疊氮離子)及成本較低且無毒的天然植物染料用於太陽能電池的效能。有些天然植物染料的效能大於合成染料的效能，像是紫色高麗菜、地瓜……等。在研製太陽能電池的過程中, 本研究利用自製的幾丁質燒結出的奈米顆粒成效極佳，不但粒徑大小符合，在燒結的過程中也不需經過物理研磨及介面活性劑的輔助，並且在低溫下即可燒結，並由BET 和SEM 測得幾丁質燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度大於標準燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度，因此本實驗決定利用去乙醯化之幾丁質扮演太陽能電池的二種角色:介面活性劑及保護劑。在本實驗中，部分的電池效能不盡理想，或許是因為所有的太陽電池樣本均使用相同的電解液(I3-)。要找到每種太陽能電池最適合的電解液則需要更多的研究。Because of the desirable features of low cost, non-toxin, and other reasons a dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cell (DSC) composed of nanocrystalline TiO2, organic dyes and electroiytes is expected to be in prevalent use. This study compared the differences in the functioning of different dyes in the solar cells, specifically those between the synthetic dyes, such as Merchrochronate and Polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium (N3-), and dyes made of natural plants which cost less and are not toxic. Some natural dyes, such as purple cabbage, sweet potato, etc, were found to have better efficiency than the synthetic dyes. The study makes use of self-made chitin to sinter nano particles, and the result is excellent. First, the particle radius meets the size requirements. Second, in the process of sintering nano particles, no physical pulverizing or surfactant assistance was needed. Third, the nano particles can be sintered at a low temperature. Fourth, from BET and SEM measurements, the degree of aperture of TiO2 sintered with chitin is superior to that sintered with Triton X-100. For these reasons, the de-acetylated chitin was chosen to serve as surfactant assistance and protector in the solar cells in this study. The study also found that some solar cells were not efficient enough. Maybe it is because all the samples of solar cells in this study were produced with the same electrolyte (I3-). Further study is needed to figure out the most suitable electrolytes for each solar cell.

Dipterocarps coming from Southeast Asia comprise about 53% of the world’s\r total exports of tropical hardwood products. However, the supply of dipterocarps is\r rapidly declining. The government is currently embarking on the establishment of\r dipterocarp plantations and encourages inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi to\r improve seedling growth and survival in degraded sites. Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco)\r Blume and Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume rooted cuttings were inoculated with\r mycelial beads containing either Pisolithus PTG, Pisolithus H6394, or Astreus sp.\r Pisolithus PTG was collected from Acacia mangium stand in Malaysia, Pisolithus\r H6394 from Eucalyptus trees growing in a heavy metal contaminated area in New\r Caledonia, Astreus sp obtained from dipterocarp forest in Mt. Makiling, Philippines.\r The results showed that Astreus sp gave the highest root colonization (38%), height\r increment (86%), fine root (51%), coarse root (27%), shoot (43%) and total dry\r weight (40%) of A. thurifera over the control treatment. Astreus – inoculated plants\r had the highest shoot P uptake (41%) while PTG inoculated ones obtained the highest\r fine root P uptake (0.273 mg/root). The uninoculated plants had the lowest height\r increment, dry weight, and P uptake. In S. guiso, Pisolithus H6394, gave the highest\r increment (100%). Data were only obtained from four months of nursery experiments,\r hence, a longer nursery and field experiments should be conducted to achieve a\r complete evaluation of the physiological functions of ectomycorrhizal associations.\r Moreover, a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with dipterocarps should\r be incorporated for selection of host compatibility.

在高中光學裡，介紹了許多有關光波之特性，而聲波與光波皆具有波動性，因此聲波應具有如干涉、反射、聚焦等特性，但在物理課本上並未詳加敘述，所以我們開始了本項的研究，希望可以籍由改變聲源及邊界的各項條件，而探討其發生之現象。在本研究中，我們利用聲波之基本原理在電腦上進行聲場的模擬並加以改變其變因（頻率、相位、聲源數、聲源間距、強度、邊界反射），進而明瞭聲場之各項特性及應用與控制方式。經電腦模擬聲場圖中，我們觀察到，兩聲源干涉所形成之圖形為多組雙曲線所組成，近似於光學之雙狹縫干涉，增加聲音頻率與聲源間距離皆可使腹(節)線數目增加。如同現實世界中所知的，隨著頻率的增加，將會具有指向性的產生並且在聲源數目越多時越明顯，但發現頻率增加至一定值之後，指向性反而會降低而形成冠狀面。在延遲了多點聲源間相位之後，聲場分佈有偏轉之現象，利用相位延遲的方法，在多聲源中，將兩旁之聲音偏向中央將可造成聲音的聚焦。在兩聲源干涉中，調整其中一聲源之強度，將可完全消除兩音源連線間一點之聲音，可適當的應用在工業上消除噪音。聲場分佈在具有邊界的環境下，我們試著找出聲源位置及邊界條件對聲場分佈的影響與關係以模擬室內聲場，但在簡化的數學模式下，即無法有我們所希望之最均勻聲場分佈產生。最後我們將實驗中的結果與文獻上的實驗數據加以比較，以探討其誤差。 The optical course in senior high school , which introduced many characteristics of optical wave. However, both of sound and light have the characters of wave; therefore, sound wave should have the characteristics, such as interference, reflection and focalizing. Nevertheless, there are not many details of sound wave in the section of acoustic on our textbook. So we began this research, and discuss the different phenomena by changing many kinds of variables. In our research, we simulated the sound field on the computer, based on sound wave’s principle, furthermore we change many variables, which like frequency, phase, source number, distance, intensity and reflection. It helps us understand the characteristics of\r sound, how to control sound and how to apply these findings. According to the result of computer simulation, we discovered that the graph of two acoustic source’s interference comprised by many pairs of hyperbola, just like optical double slit interference. As the frequency or the sound source distance increased, acoustic direction became more and more obvious. But when the frequency was high enough to over the extreme, instead increasing, the acoustic direction would lower down like a crown. After we make phase differences on one of the two sound sources, sound field generated\r deviation. So if we use this method in multiple sound source, and delay the middle source, the sound field might be converged. In such two-sound-source interference pattern, when we control the intensity of one, a certainly point on the line of the two sources disappeared When the sound field enclose by borderline, the standing wave appear, and we discovered many funny phenomena. We put large amount of source in a narrow slit, the phenomenon of diffraction appeared. Finally, we discussed the discrepancies between interference pattern previously done by others experiments and the simulated one conducted by us.

本實作以光學全像術為基礎，拍攝出三維立體的影像。內容主要為分別製作「穿透式」全像片、「反射式」全像片及「彩虹」全像片等三部份。其中，在反射式全像片中，嘗試以不同數量的光束來拍攝。發現以單光束法拍攝出的全像片比較容易成功，但重建影像的視角與效果都不如雙光束拍攝法來的好。在拍攝彩虹全像片的過程中我們令狹縫為變因，做有加狹縫與未加狹縫的實驗，實驗發現效果不同。並以改變狹縫的角度、方位，來觀察底片的變化。最後，觀察出豐富多樣的彩虹變化型態。全像片可重建拍攝的物光與參考光，並顯現拍攝物的三維狀態。可應用於信用卡、紙鈔防偽，廠商標籤，附加商品（如鑰匙圈、貼紙），廣告看板等，用途廣泛。 The purpose of this project is to construct the 3-dimensional images utilized optical holography. The holograms we made can be categorized into three main types: transmission, reflection and rainbow. In reflection hologram, we have tried to construct the hologram by the use of different number of light beams. It could be found that the reconstructed image of the hologram formed by a single beam is better than those of the hologram formed by two beams. However, the field of view and image quality of the two-beam hologram was better than those of single-beam hologram. In rainbow hologram, we varied the orientation and position of slit to investigate the quality of the reconstructed images. The reconstructed images displayed rainbow image diversity. In application, the holograms can display three-dimensional images by reconstructing the hologram. In addition, the holograms are in widespread applied in security applications of credit card、banknotes、labels、stickers etc.

Ambient vibration, the movement of the ground caused by transient objects such as the relative to values obtained using the commercial recorder. The natural ambient vibration of a control site was simultaneously obtained using the mechanical prototype and the commercial recorder, which were situated next to each other during the actual recording. Moreover, both sensors were used to record a control stimulus for a constant amount of time. The data obtained from these subparts were processed using WinWaveShot which quantified and presented ambient vibration as waves. The deviations of the maximum and minimum amplitudes, mode and median values of these waves, as graphed by DADiSP2002, was performed to verify the accuracy or reliability of the prototype. These graphs were converted to their DFT graphs and histograms, with accompanying converted wave properties which characterized the predominant frequency. Based from the results, the recordings obtained from the mAVR are proportional from the ones obtained from the eAVR. Therefore, the mechanical prototype is capable of recording the predominant frequency of a site. The prototype, when improved, is a potential alternative to commercial sensors since it is able to record actual movements and its scale is proportional to the scale of the eAVR. Since the prototype was constructed and can be reproduced from readily available and inexpensive materials, ambient vibration analysis can be used more commonly by architects and engineers for construction purposes. To verify the reliability of the values obtained using the prototype, the ambient vibration of other sites must be recorded and compared to those using the eAVR. wind, sounds and human activities, is one major site effect evaluation method presently used. The respective predominant frequencies of a site and the structures above it obtained using this method serve as reference to the renovation and/or construction of structures. Predominant frequencies of the landmass and the structures above it should be non-identical to avoid prolonged shaking with the occurrence of an extensive movement of the ground as dictated by resonance effect. Since electronic ambient vibration or microtremor recorders, specifically their sensors, are expensive and inaccessible, a mechanical prototype of such device was designed and constructed. The proposed design of the mechanical ambient vibration recorder (mAVR) was mainly based on the IRIS Seismograph which makes use of the principle of electromagnetic induction. The relationship between ground motion and the movement of the prototype lever, which is a direct proportion, was the concept highlighted by the prototype’s mechanism. After the design of the mAVR prototype was finalized, its assembly, which consisted of the calibration of the solenoid and the inertial mass, was performed. The calibration of the solenoid was based on the voltage output of its solenoid based on the number of turns while the inertial mass was determined based on the equilibrium level of the prototype lever. Having proven the mAVR’s capacity to function by simulating stimulus, the testing of its accuracy was done with two setups: recording of (1) natural and (2) induced ambient vibration. This tested the prototype’s accuracy

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important condiment crops in Sri Lanka. The main constrain in chilli cultivation is the Leaf Curl Complex (LCC) which reduces the quality of the pods as well as the yield. Many researches have been proven that the problem can be controlled by Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Colour sticky trap is one of the mechanical methods in the IPM package which reduces the pest population successfully. Mainly three colours, namely blue, yellow and white have been identified as suitable colours for traps all over the world. This study was thus, conducted to find out the most effective colour for sticky traps to control chilli leaf curl complex in the Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka. Traps were prepared from wooden plates of 30 x 25cm in size and the colours were applied in both sides of the plate. Both colourless and odorless vaseline was used as the sticky substance. These blue, yellow and white sticky wooden plates (traps) were fixed in 1m height from the ground level and they were used as the treatments. Six pots with 2 plants each of the variety ‘KA-2’ were used in a treatment and three replicates were sited for the experiment. All the agronomic practices were equally done for all the treatments. Number of trapped pests associated with the LCC was counted in 4, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves affected by the pests in a canopy was counted in 7, 10 and 12 weeks after transplanting. The number of damaged green pods and the pod weight were taken at harvesting. The mean values of the number of pests trapped in white, yellow and blue colour traps were 162, 160 and 38 respectively. The percentages of damaged leaves in a canopy at 7, 10 and 12 weeks after transplanting in the blue trap were 89.07, 98.00 and 100.00 respectively. Those values in the white trap were 87.37, 98.90 and 93.29 and in the yellow trap were 69.03, 87.26 and 82.26. Percentages of damaged green pod weight in the blue, yellow and white treatments were 66.63, 47.06 and 45.65 respectively. These results suggest that yellow and white colours are more effective in sticky traps in pest controlling to control chilli leaf curl complex in the Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka. Further studies are required to confirm the results.

隨著工商業發展，環境污染日益嚴重，對多數生長在這塊土地上的人，無疑造成了非常嚴重的影響。但若想要監控目前環境中的空氣品質，則必須具備專業的訓練，及昂貴的實驗設備，對一般民眾而言，根本就做不到。\r 藉由指標植物對所生長環境的高度敏感性，可以發展出一套純天然且免費的環境污染偵測器，不但方便、免攜帶、無須高級儀器協助、更不需要專業的分析技術。為此，我們以對二氧化硫等空氣污染物極為敏感的地衣作為指標植物，對其進行生態與環境污染關係的一系列觀察，並設計相關的實驗，找出環境污染物對地衣的實際影響，使其能夠實際的應用於日常生活，並可加以推廣，讓人人都可以利用地衣來了解自己所處的環境是否遭受污染，為自己家園的環境優劣把關。\r \r 文摘要 :\r With the development of industry and business , environmental pollutions become more and more serious . Undoubtedly , those pollutions have a great effect on us.\r However , by the means of the indicator plant which is highly sensitive to its environment , we can develop a set of natural and free environmental pollution detectors . In this project , we use lichenes,which are very sensitive to air pollution , to do a series of observations and to find out the influence the pollutants have on lichenes . If we can apply this to our regular lives , everyone can use lichenes to see if their environment is polluted or not .

完全圖Kn是指一個圖中有n個點，且任意一個點都跟其它的點有邊相連。兩個圖G和H的卡氏乘積G□H的點集V(G□H)＝{(g,h)| g∈V(G),h∈V(H)}，兩個點(g1,h1)和(g2,h2)有邊相連若且為若g1=g2 且h1~h2，或g1~g2且h1=h2。 三個完全圖Ka、Kb、Kc 的立方乘積是指Ka□Kb□Kc。一個圖G中的一點v所連的其它點稱為這個點v的鄰居，也就是N(v)={x | x~v}。一個點集S中的所有點的鄰居的聯集稱為這個點集的鄰居，也就是N(S)=∪v∈S N(v)。如果一個點集S和它的鄰居N(S)包含了一個圖G的所有的點，也就是S∪N(S)＝V(G)稱這個點集S是這個圖G的一個控制集。我們把圖G的所有控制集中點數最少的稱為最小控制集，並定最小控制集的點數為最小控制數γ(G)，也就是γ(G)＝min { | S |, S是G的控制}。 本文的目的在於研究完全圖立方乘積的最小控制，也就是要給γ(Ka□Kb□Kc)一個上界。特別當 a = b = c = n時，γ(Ka□Kb□Kc) = 。 A complete graph Kn is a graph with n vertices, which any vertex is adjacency to every other vertices. The Cartesian product of two graph G and H which is denoted G□H is define as follow: the vertex set V(G□H)＝{(g,h)| g∈V(G),h∈V(H)}，and two vertices (g1,h1) and (g2,h2) is adjacent if and only if g1=g2 and h1~h2 or g1~g2 and h1=h2. The Cartesian product of three complete graph Ka,Kb,Kc is Ka□Kb□Kc,which is the same with (Ka□Kb)□Kc. In a graph G, the neighbor of a vertex v N(v) is the set of the vertices adjacent to the vertex v, that is N(v)={x | x~v}。 The neighbor of a vertex set S is N(S), which is the union of the neighbors of vertex v over S, that is N(S)=∪v∈SN(v). For a graph G, if a vertex set S unions its neighbor N(S) equal to the vertex set of G, that is S∪N(S)＝V(G), we say that S is a dominating set of G. The domination number of a graph G will be denoted as γ(G), which is the minimum size of all dominating set of G.. We give an upper bound to γ(Ka□Kb□Kc). And when a=b=c, γ(Ka□Kb□Kc) ≦

Annually several baby’s and toddlers drown. There are safety devices available on the\r market for ex: Safety nets in which toddlers can get strangled. Pool covers that have to be\r taken off when people swim and replaced after they have swam. If they are not replaced\r afterwards, babies could fall in the water and drown. Fences around the pool:- The gate\r could accidentally be left open and the toddler could fall in and drown.