國中物理課程，需要用真空抽氣機的實驗較多，但是電動真空抽氣機，價格高昂，大部分的學校因財力困難，到日前還沒有配置。有配置的學校，由於班級多，實驗室不敷使用時，也難於搬到教室作示範實驗。加上使用電動真空抽氣機，全是機械操作，學生不能親身體臉抽氣，減壓的變化情況。故不易得到教學的預期目標。茲介紹的簡易真空抽氣器，係利用塑膠注射管，配合三塊壓克力板組成的活門製成，雖不能與電動真空抽氣機的低壓性能相比，但不妨礙教學上的各觀實驗，又不易破損、易製作、價廉可大量供給學生分組實驗。

「益立絆！益立絆！消除腰酸背痛，促進血液循環，請貼具有磁性的益立絆」。電視上一連串的廣告，確實令人目不接暇。 暑假過後，學期又開始了。在自然課的第一天，老師指導我們觀察「種子的構造」和培養「種子發芽及生長」的情況；我們利用控制變因的科學方法，給予不同的外在因素，觀察記錄其不同的結果，並加以比較。忽然，腦海中浮現出電視上「益立絆」的廣告，使我想到如在其上加了磁鐵，是否能促進植物的生長呢？約同本小組幾位同學，並在老師的指導下，參考一至年級的自然課本，於是，著手做了下列的實驗。

本實驗旨在設計各種不同的裝置，利用太陽能及溫室效應的原理，做出可以加熱食物的天然增溫器。1.經過太陽照射後，鐵製便當盒溫度比塑膠盒與紙盒高，因為鐵製便當盒比較會吸熱。2.不同形狀之鐵製便當盒，吸熱效果相當接近。3.相同形狀、大小的鐵製便當盒，包上保鮮膜比沒有覆蓋上保鮮膜的吸熱效果好。4.用膠帶封牢鐵製便當盒與保鮮膜之縫隙比只包保鮮膜的鐵製便當盒溫度高。5.放入紙箱比沒有放入紙箱的保溫效果佳。6.紙箱內縫隙處塞沙子的鐵製便當盒，其保溫效果紙箱內縫隙處沒有塞沙子的鐵製便當盒佳。7.四周加上鏡子能使更多的太陽光射入鐵製便當盒內，使盒內溫度上升。8.藉由本實驗活動，發現我們可以利用生活中隨手可得的簡單材料，做出天然增溫器，既節約能源、又符合環保精神。

槐葉蘋(Salvinia natnas)生長於台灣低海拔淡水濕地，目前已列為嚴重瀕臨滅絕的台灣原生物種，為不具有根的植物，是世界珍稀的漂浮型水生蕨類。本研究是探討槐葉蘋形態、生活史及生存環境因子，實驗發現可藉由成熟浮水葉外部形態特徵來區別槐葉蘋與外來種之人厭槐葉蘋(Salvinia molesta)；槐葉蘋成熟浮水葉呈橢圓形，葉上毛被物是叢生且分岔，人厭槐葉蘋成熟浮水葉呈雙耳形，葉上毛被物則像打蛋器。當兩物種共存於同一個環境空間時，人厭槐葉蘋以平均11.6 cm2/week 的生長率將槐葉蘋完全取而代之，顯示人厭槐葉蘋之入侵對槐葉蘋生存影響之深遠。經由兩年的槐葉蘋物候觀察，發現3~11 月為抽芽成長期、3~12 月為成熟繁殖期、12 月~隔年2 月為冬枯期及孢子囊果出現期，12 月~隔年5 月為孢子囊果成熟開裂期。其繁衍策略可分為無性繁殖（頂芽及側芽生長）及有性生殖（異配子體交配）。探討環境因子（光照度、氣溫、濕度、水質、水溫、pH 值）分析結果，適合槐葉蘋生存環境的條件為(1)陽光間接照射（半遮蔭，遮蔭度58.33%）、(2)乾淨未受污染的水質(pH 6.5~8)、(3)通風性良好。生長環境符合以上條件即可達到移地保育的目的。Salvinia natans, a floating fern without roots, grows in low elevation fresh water wetlands of Taiwan, and is a critically endangered precious Taiwanese native species. This research investigates the life form, life history, and living environment of Salvinia natans. Our experiments show that we can differentiate Salvinia natans and Salvinia molesta, two easily mixed up species. The shape of matured floating leaves of Salvinia natans is elliptical and smaller, while it is twin-ear shape and larger for Salvinia molesta. Also, they can be distinguished by their leaf hairs. The hairs of Salvinia natans are tufted and separated at the tips, while the hairs of Salvinia molesta form an ‘eggbeater’ shape at the tip. When these two species lived together, Salvinia molesta grew in a rate of 11.6 cm2/week and will replace all Salvinia natans eventually. This shows the profound impact of invasion of Salvinia molesta. From the data of 2-year phenology observation, we concluded that budding took place from Mar. to Nov., growing and reproducing from Mar. to Dec., decaying from Dec. to Feb. (sporocarps were born in this period), and sporocarps matured from Dec. to May. There are two reproduction strategies: sexual reproduction (intergametophytic mating), and asexual propagation (by terminal and axillary growth). After investigating the environment factors (illuminance, air temperature, water temperature, humidity, pH), we found that ex situ conservation for Salvinia natans requires 1) indirect sunshine, 2) unpolluted water (pH 6.5 ~8), and 3) good ventilation.

可聽聲有向四周擴散繞射特性，而超聲波具有指向性，改以超聲波載送可聽音訊號後，其載波與旁頻帶均在超聲波範圍，實驗中人耳卻可聽到高度指向性聲音，且調幅解調後的可聽聲衰減率比純超聲波來的低。那為什麼超聲波會解調可聽音？我們以非線性的數學轉換概念，成功以數學推導解釋實驗中所聽到的可聽聲，是由旁頻經由非線性轉換而來的。為了證實空氣中的超聲波有非線性現象，以發射40KHz單頻訊號，除了接收到40KHz訊號外還可接收80KHz訊號，而80KHz訊號振幅，會隨著發射強度而遞增，也會隨著傳輸距離增加至穩定狀態，這所我們從文獻中的非線性理論所吻合。接下來進行調幅超聲波實驗，我們經理論計算旁頻帶強度為頻率響應與調變率乘積的一半，而解調可聽聲的強度為調變率、頻率響應與非線性係數三者乘積，我們也由實驗數據證實理論計算結果，在實驗中，換能器在40KHz有最佳的頻率響應，其非線性係數與所載送可聽聲頻率高低約略成正相關，並且與換能器距離遞增而越遠而增加。此外在提高高指向可聽音輸出功率方面，除製作專屬的放大器、運用方波取代正弦波來載波、配合陣列換能器輸出；在改善音質方面，利用等化器調整訊源頻譜分佈，降低低頻振幅，增強高頻振幅，讓各頻率的原始訊號都能有適當的調變，達到最佳音質。The audible sound has the characteristics of spreading and diffracting. And ultrasonic is directive. We modulate sound into ultrasonic signal. The carrier and sideband are ultrasonic frequency bands. But in the experiment, human can hear highly directive sound. In terms of attenuation rate, AM demodulation sound is lower than pure ultrasonic wave. Why can human hear the directive sound? By using the nonlinear mathematical transform, we managed to explain the audible sound which is transformed from sideband with nonlinear effect in the experiment. In order to confirm that nonlinear phenomena in the air ultrasonic, we launch 40KHz single tone ultrasonic signal. Besides the 40KHz signal, we also received 80KHz signal. The amplitude of 80KHz signal will increase with the emission intensity, and also with the transmission distance to increase its stability. These are consistent with nonlinear theory in the literature. Next we began AM ultrasonic experiment. We calculated the sideband intensity that is the product of frequency response and modulation index. The demodulation sound intensity is the product of modulation index, frequency response, and nonlinear coefficient. We also proved the calculated consequence through the experiment. In the experiment, the ultrasonic transducer has a best frequency response in 40KHz. The nonlinear coefficient has positive correlation with the modulation frequency, and increases transmission distance. To boost the power of directive audible sound, we made an amplifier, using square wave to replace sine wave of carrier, and in conjunction with array transducer output. To improve the sound quality, We use the spectrum-Equalizer to adjust the frequency distribution of the origin signal. The EQ reduces the low-frequency amplitude, and boost high-frequency amplitude, which enables every frequency of the original signal to be properly modulated, achieving the best sound quality.

本研究利用偏振片、量角器為刻度盤、雷射光為光源，及照度計為偵測器，組裝一個簡易且可靠的旋光度計。我們利用單位時間旋光度的變化量當作反應速率，來測量蔗糖的水解速率，同時求出蔗糖水解反應的反應級數、速率常數(k)。利用糖類的旋光度具有加成性之特性，找出不同混合比例時的旋光度，追蹤實際蔗糖水解的每個狀態，找出最後平衡狀態，同時將蔗糖水解平衡結果顯示，旋光度與濃度有線性關係，而蔗糖水解反應對蔗糖而言為一級反應。接著，我們在蔗糖水溶液中加入不同種類的酸，探討催化劑的種類與蔗糖水解反應速率的關係。 In this research, in order to measure the optical rotation accurately without expensive equipments or complex process, we assembled a polarimeter by ourselves. With simple materials which can be found in ordinary senior high school laboratories, including a calibrated scale, a simple Luxmeter, a laser as the photo source, and other side devices. The Polarimeter ended up operating fluently and accurately. We put the laser under a tube, which has two pieces of polar screens on the top of it and on the bottom of it, ,and put a luxmeter just above the tube. When we slowly rotate the polar screen on the top, the figure shown on the luxmeter changes. By numerical analysis, we can get information about the hydrolysis of polarized substance. Secondary, we measured the optical rotation of glucose, fructose, malt sugar, galactose, and sucrose to get their specific rotation. Then we measured the optical rotation of sucrose every five minutes. By doing this, we could keep track of the hydrolysis rate of sucrose, figure out the order of reaction, and the rate constant (k) and the equilibrium constant (K). Thirdly, we used different kinds of acids into sucrose solution as the catalyst, and observed the effect. The result showed that hydrochloric acid is a better catalyst to this reaction than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The polarimeter of this research can be used in science education of junior and senior high school. By teaching students to assemble and operate the self-made polarimeter, students can know better about optical rotation and polarized substance. Also, the interest in this experiement will add to students’ motivation to do science research.

本研究主要利用油脂「皂化反應」的原理，設計六個部份實驗，試著從定性方面探討油脂的皂化反應及其產物的分離，包括(1)肥皂的鹽析(2)脂肪酸的鹽析(3)脂肪酸平均分子量的求法(4)肥皂的沉澱試驗(5)甘油的丙烯醛反應(6)甘油的銅複合物之形成。從定量方面：利用化學動力學研究油脂皂化反應的級數，及油脂的碘值、酸值、皂化值等問題，期望能在環保上對處理油污工作有所幫助。This research mainly applies the theory of lipid Saponification to design six experiments and try to study lipid Saponification and the division of the product, including (1)salting out of soap (2) salting out of fatty acid (3)study on the molecular weight in fatty acid (4) soap precipitation (5) acrolein reaction of glycerin (6). Glycerin’s Cu-complex formation of soap .From the aspect of assay use chemical kinetics to research the order of lipid Saponification and the problems of Iodel value, Acid value, Saponification number and so on, expecting to help dispose oil pollution in the environment.

在做雙氧水分解氧氣的實驗，當反應不再冒氣泡，但又需再收集氧氣，我很自然地再加入一些雙氧水到原先的反應瓶裡，反應瓶雖然立刻又冒出氣泡，但我發現速率比原先慢了許多。根據國中課程所學有關催化劑的作用原理，二氧化錳是不消耗的，只要反應的雙氧水濃度相同，反應速率應該相同，對於這種不正常的變慢現象，引發我對催化劑在化學反應中的行為及二氧化錳在反應中是否有變化的研究興趣。

關於二次二次方程式ax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0之圖形的判別，首先我仍然是分成b2 - 4ac=0,b2-4ac0三種情形，然後再作一步的判別。