Such as the plastic waste and industrial discharge that permeate our oceans, it is the insidious and infamous nature of oil spills that demands our immediate attention. These spills, with their far-reaching ecological ramifications, pose a profound danger to our marine ecosystems, demanding urgent action and a heightened awareness of the true menace that is caused by this oil

In the first part of this project, distilled water and 95% ethanol were used to extract ultra-violet(UV)-absorbing and anti-oxidizing compounds from different types of algae including kelp, wakame, sea grape and nori. Activated charcoal was used in attempt to purify the extracts and removed excessive pigments. It was found that the charcoal was more effective in adsorbing pigments from ethanol extract in which up to 80 to 100% pigments could be removed. The UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties of the algae extracts were also studied. All algae extracts showed significant UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties. In particular, extract formed by using 3 g kelp powder in distilled water could significantly reduce 50% UV intensity and react 96.5% DPPH solution which acts as a source of free radicals. In the second part of the project, three applications of algae were explored in details. Firstly, it was found that kelp, wakame and nori extracts by using over 2 g of algae in 30 mL olive oil could absorb UVA and UVB by over 90%, which is comparable to the performance of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in commercial sunscreen products. Costs of preparing the sunscreens were also compared. Except for wakame extract, all other extracts were cheaper than using zinc oxide. Moreover, the kelp extract was found to maintain its UV- absorbing and anti-oxidizing abilities after at least 30 days of storage under room conditions. Lastly, sodium alginate was successfully extracted from kelp with a product yield up to 30%. The alginate solution was then used to form a calcium-alginate protective coating on plastic slides to reduce UV intensity by up to 50%. This aims to apply on nails or fingers during UV nail gel polish to protect against UVR.

This project had one purpose: creating almost unbreakable encryption by breaking a Caesar – and Vigenère Cipher and getting familiar with how they work. Created a program to encrypt and decrypt messages with a Caesar Cipher and Vigenère Cipher encryption. Breaking these encryptions in these programs will help to identify the factors that contribute to strong and weak encryption systems. A program was created to encrypt messages using Caesar Cipher with a key from 1 to 25 and decrypt messages without knowing the original key by doing different types of “attacks” on the system: a brute force and frequency analysis attack. Created another program to encrypt messages using Vigenère Cipher with a keyword or keyphrase and decrypted messages whilst knowing that original keyword. Tested and compared the two different cyphers when being attacked. This helped identify factors that influenced the strength of encryption and identified the advantages and disadvantages of each Cipher as well as the weaknesses in each attack. Through testing and breaking a Caesar and Vigenère Cipher successfully, multiple factors were identified that influenced the strength of the encryption system. These were used to ensure the new encryption created will be as strong as can be. Comparing the success rate of the different attacks on each Cipher, the similarities, weaknesses and strengths in the Brute Force and Frequency Analysis attacks were found.

本研究主旨是在探討颱風與季風互動對颱風風場不對稱性變化的影響，分析了2013至2024年9月期間的颱風數據，結果顯示，季風是影響颱風風場形狀的關鍵因素。在東亞特有的季風氣候中，84%的颱風受到季風共伴的影響，我們發現，在季風共伴下，颱風的七級風場會呈現螺旋形，東北季風影響下多呈「6」形，西南季風影響下多呈「9」形，這些形狀可用「等角螺線」來描述，對於季風影響不明顯的颱風，風場形狀則更接近橢圓。我們進一步計算集合重合率以驗證形狀描述的準確性。 此外，本研究將颱風生活史的流型演變分為五類，結果顯示，環境條件相似的颱風，在流型變化上具有相似性。我們還利用颱風氣流場裝置模擬颱風風場，測量風速和風向，深入探討環境風場對颱風不對稱性的影響。

生物時鐘可對生物體的行為與生理造成影響，在探討晝夜節律特徵的差異時，過去研究常侷限於北美大陸的品系，缺少赤道及南半球品系的晝夜節律特徵探討。有鑒於黑腹果蠅在全球各大洲的廣泛分佈，因此我們以黑腹果蠅（近赤道與中高緯度品系）為材料，研究果蠅是否因緯度而有相異的晝夜節律特徵？結果顯示不同緯度的果蠅品系展現出相異的晝夜節律特徵。赤報品系在全暗狀態下仍維持原本光暗12小時的穩定節律，而南北半球的中高緯度品系則具有相似節律特徵，即在全暗狀態下的節律不對齊原本正常光源的穩定節律，其他如活動量、週期、及節律強度等皆有著品系間的差異。更進一步比對實驗中各個品系基因序列，研究發現per和tim在調控區段有許多SNP變異，顯示其與晝夜節律特徵的關係，有助於後續尋找更多造成晝夜節律特徵差異的可能遺傳變異並探討。

研究以生物材料製成電極和太陽能電池的製作方法。以自製四點探針器測自製膜的電阻，得最佳電極條件：溶液pH4.7，-18°C、24hr前處理後噴TPP，在氯化鈉0.1M下反應，電阻率最低6.76Ω·m，機械強度1244.19g，結構穩定且可提升I−的轉換效率。以鋁網-幾丁聚醣氧化石墨烯膜為負極、銅箔-幾丁聚醣氧化石墨烯膜為正極，能使電子移動方向穩定，提升電流，且可彎曲增加應用性；使用花青素/葉綠素天然染料及0.5 M碘酸鉀/碘化鉀電解液，最後製成的電池電功率最高19.58mW，可取代ITO玻璃且串聯3顆可讓Led亮，以500W/cm2 強光照射電池組7天，電功率仍有31.21mW，具高抗衰減能力，未來可推廣至生活及教具使用。

現有的塑膠與紙套袋對環境造成負擔，因此利用海藻酸鈉與乳酸鈣的交聯作用，在低成本紗布上成膜，以製作新型態的水果套袋。研究結果： 1.製程為先沾海藻酸鈉糊液，再沾乳酸鈣水溶液。 2.不同基底材料會影響套袋的縮小率、耐受性與透氣性。套袋要具透氣性需減少乳酸鈣反應時間，想增加吸水性則要在海藻酸鈉浸泡時間久一點。 3.實地應用於芭樂園採收率達96%，只加醋酸的細紗布套袋效果最佳，具有厚度低(0.24mm)、水分散失快(6小時內降低92%的水分)，透氣性佳(水氣穿透率91%)等特性，在製作時須注意總面積有51%的縮小率。 4.未來發展：設計防果蠅、防螞蟻、防曬功能，以及多型態的套袋設計（如三角立體設計、觀察口設計等），讓其更適合實際應用。

本研究比較排灣族傳統食物「吉拿富」(cinavu)所用的假酸漿葉、克蘭樹葉及月桃葉與漢人包粽使用的竹葉、竹籜等五種葉子的特性，並以料理紙作為對照組。我們將五種葉子進行葉子的構造觀察、承重實驗、保溫實驗，另外針對假酸漿葉與克蘭樹葉這兩種葉子進行抗氧化實驗與乳酸菌培養實驗。 承重實驗顯示料理紙、竹葉及竹籜能承受超過2500克的重量；保溫實驗顯示月桃葉在最終溫度是所有樣品中最高者。 值得注意的是，在抗氧化實驗中發現在100mg/ml濃度下對自由基的清除率，維生素C是92.1%，克蘭樹葉是126.2%；維生素C是88.1%，假酸漿葉是124.3%，這兩種葉子的抗氧化力都遠高於維生素C；乳酸菌培養則發現克蘭樹葉有促進乳酸菌生長的效果，這兩個結果是本次研究的重要新發現。

本研究探討種子球可應用在災後裸露坡地之植被復育。初期配方採培養土和黏質土進行初步實驗，後針對0403 地震裸露坡地的狀態，故改良種子球成分目的提升保水性與黏著性。研究發現土壤添加天然聚合物於前三日均能提升種子球之保水力，土壤加入海藻酸鈉(SA0.5)後水分保留能力顯著，3天內保水度較對照組差異達9.32%，5天內差異達2.55%。土壤濕度最高時，海藻酸鈉配方(SA0.8)黏著性表現出色可承重達150公克。此外，海藻酸鈉與甲基纖維素 (SA+MC)混合配方在黏著度上亦有出色表現，適用於坡度較陡或岩石較多的裸露坡地進行種子球投擲。本實驗之 種子球改良配方，有助於提升偏遠或難以到達的山林地植被之恢復效率，針對災後環境修復或可提供解方。

Global warming is a phenomenon in which the Earth's overall temperature rises as a result of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the major greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming [1,2]. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), as well as changes in land use and vegetation [3]. Carbon dioxide and other gases, such as methane and nitrogen monoxide absorb infrared radiation and redirect it back to Earth, warming the planet [4]. This rise in temperature can impact ecosystems, climate, water resources, agriculture, public health, and societies in general [5]. To combat global warming and reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, many countries around the world, including Saudi Arabia, are working to achieve a vision to reduce carbon emissions by reducing their carbon emissions by 278 million tons per year by 2030 in line with the Paris Agreement, for climate. The Kingdom is committed to generating 50% of its electrical energy from renewable sources by 2030. In addition to the shift in the local energy mix, the Saudi Green Initiative is implementing a number of ambitious programs and projects to reduce emissions. These programs include investing in new energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and expanding carbon capture and storage programs [6]. Through these initiatives, the Kingdom will be able to achieve its climate goals and establish a sustainable future (Figure 1). In addition, the Paris Climate Change Agreement includes 196 countries and the European Union, covering most of the world. This agreement aims to achieve carbon neutrality by taking measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions [7].

The idea of dramatically reducing the cost of the production dry cell, reducing its carbon footprint, and being able to be an alternative to current materials such as biochars really propels the interest of performing this project research. Biochars from durian husk, bamboo and coconut shell are promising alternative chemical materials of the anodes in the dry cell due to their eco-friendly traits and availability in the trophic areas which covers about 40% of the land on earth. Using the technique of pyrolysis, the latest and the best technique to produce a high carbon content biochars, the dry cell uses the potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and manganese dioxide as the catalysts that make the biochar mixture to produce maximum voltage of 65% from the dry cell sold in the current market. The voltage analysis of the biochar dry cell was done in our school science laboratory and then, characterization tests analysis was carried out on the products from the specific biomass namely the SEM/EDX analysis, at the Material Characterization Laboratory (MCL), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra 馬來西亞. Based on our research, the biochar obtained from the raw materials (Durian Husk, Bamboo and Coconut Shell) had shown different characteristics. The bamboo biochar had shown the most amount of carbon content which is 86.64% more than the durian husk biochar (72.77%) and coconut shell biochar (65.57%). On the other hand, based on the micrograph, we observed that the durian husk biochar had shown much created pores rather than bamboo biochar and coconut shell biochar. In our study, we found out that the average voltage produced by the three different biochars have shown that Durian Husk char dry cell produced the highest voltage which is 0.97V, more than the bamboo char (0.62V) and coconut shell char (0.73V). In conclusion, the biochar dry cell produced are much cheaper in term of its production as our biochar dry cell uses biomass that are freely available and comes from renewable source of energy, the best ingredient for Green Technology.

本研究探討喇叭共振腔的波導形狀，對聲音傳播距離、響度和音色造成的影響，我們依斜率變化自製窄頸、橢圓、三角喇叭共振腔進行探究，成功發現形狀影響聲音表現背後的物理關聯。研究結果如下： 1.喇叭狀設計會引導聲波能量更順暢往出口集中傳播，也會改變諧波數量造成音色變化。 2.窄頸喇叭響度增強效果最好，聲音傳最遠。 3.三角喇叭在中低音諧波太多，易產生雜音。 4.喇叭邊界的形狀會決定空氣對流速度，窄頸喇叭空氣流動最慢反而響度最高。 5.聲波遇到喇叭邊界後，產生的干涉會影響傳播距離與範圍：窄頸喇叭能量集中於中央軸線 ，傳播遠，具指向性；三角喇叭兼顧傳播範圍和強度；橢圓喇叭能量均勻散佈腔體，傳播範圍最廣但強度不足。